Application of the video-tutorial "Challenge for Referees" in sports training of young basketball referees for the game season

Purpose : to develop and experimentally substantiate the use of the video manual "Challenge for Referees" in the sports training of young basketball referees for the playing season. Material and methods: young basketball referees (30 people), category C, (18-20 years old) refereeing experience of one year took part in the experiment. The control and experimental groups of 15 people were randomly allocated. All participants agreed to participate in the experiment. The study was conducted from June to August 2020. At the beginning and at the end of the experiment, all study participants underwent complex physical testing (push-ups 30 s, long jump from a place, jumping rope in 1 minute, running 3000 m, lifting the trunk in sitting position for 1 min, pulling up on the bar, stretch of the upper-body forward from a sitting position, Romberg's test), functional (Rufier's test, Genchi's test, Stange's test), psychophysiological state testing using the" Psychodiagnostics "computer program. The indicators of the speed of a simple visual-motor reaction and the speed of a complex visual-motor choice reaction, mathematical and statistical methods were determined. Results. A video manual "Challenge for Referees" has been developed and introduced into the training process, with the help of which it is possible to determine the level of complex preparedness of young basketball referees, their psychophysiological capabilities. This manual provides sets of exercises and examples of training sessions to improve the physical, technical and theoretical preparedness of referee of category C in preparation for the playing season. Conclusions. It is shown that as a result of the experiment, the indicators of technical, physical and functional readiness of basketball referee of the experimental group significantly (p <0.05) improved in comparison with the control group. As a result of the method of expert assessments, significant (p <0.05) differences were revealed in the indicators of technical readiness of the experimental group in comparison with the control group.


Introduction
Modern basketball requires good athletic training not only from the players, but also from the referees. Refereeing activity in basketball is characterized by a varied set and specific nature of working actions. The professional activity of an arbitrator requires special versatile preparedness [1][2]. Poor physical fitness affects the mechanics of the referees' movements on the court, the correct choice of place, affects the increase in the number of errors. According to experts, special physical training is necessary, regardless of the age and experience of the referees [3][4]. Physical training plays a leading role in the formation of a referees motor abilities and is directly dependent on the development of endurance, speed-strength qualities, speed. A distinctive feature of the referees' quickness manifestation is a quick change of game situations and the presence of many different factors (psychological tension, fatigue, etc.) The speed of the starting acceleration and distance speed is the foundation of speed in basketball [5].
Also, refereeing is an intellectual activity of the referee, associated with the ability to control the process of the game. The nature and results of most basketball competitions depend on the quality of the refereeing. The more the referee's experience as a referee, the less unexpected situations arise for him. The referees must be resourceful, quick-witted, quickly navigate difficult situations. Intellectual qualities reinforce the didactic skills of the referees and help him find the right decisions in his work. Intellectual qualities determine the effectiveness of work, I help to look for new ways to solve emerging problems in the organization of competitions. These qualities include: clarity and consistency of thinking, criticality, imagination, ingenuity, wit [6][7].
A special role in the activity of a referees is played by the efficiency of thinking, which characterizes the ability to quickly find the optimal solution for emerging controversial problems. The referee must know and understand the rules of the game well, accurately record the mistakes of the players. The referee in basketball must be mobile and choose the right place on the court in order to better see the playing moment. The necessary quality of the referees is the speed of reaction and the correct assessment of this situation on the court, which allows timely recording of violations of the rules [8][9].
Therefore, it is necessary to search for new forms, methods and means of training young basketball referees. Currently, seminars on the training of basketball referees are regularly held.
There are many online resources for training referee [10].
However, at the moment there are no video manuals in Ukrainian with a description and explanation of tests with physical, functional, technical and psychophysiological readiness of referee to determine the level of complex readiness of young basketball referees.
In this regard, the purpose of our research was the development and experimentally substantiate the use of the video manual "Challenge for Referees" in the sports training of young basketball referees for the playing season.

Participants
The study involved basketball referees category C in the amount of 30 men from different cities of Ukraine (Kharkov, Nikolaev, Ivano-Frankovsk, Kiev, Zaporozhye). Participants were recruited by looking for referees who refering at least three times a week for 1 game per day and were able to complete the full experiment. Participants were eligible for inclusion if they: (1) have category C; (2) have 1 year refereeing experience; (3) were aged 18-20 years old.
The control and experimental groups of 15 people were randomly allocated. All participants agreed to participate in the experiment. An independent statistician randomized the athletes in parallel to a control group and an intervention group using a random distribution method using an online random number generator program. Table 1 presents the anthropological characteristics of the participants. No significant difference was found between the experimental groups and the control group.

Procedure
Determination of the physical preparedness level.
Control tests of physical fitness were carried out by the estimation of level of development of certain motor qualities. push-ups 30 s, number of times; jumping rope in 1 minute, number of times; cross 3000 m, min; lifting the trunk in sitting position for 1 min, number of times; pulling up on the bar, number of times; stretch of the upper-body forward from a sitting position, (sm), long jump from a place (sm); Romberg's test, s. 45 Health, sport, rehabilitation Здоров'я, спорт, реабілітація Здоровье, спорт, реабилитация 7(1) Table 1 The detailed information of the participants (men) (N = 30).

Determining the level of functionality
The Shtange test (holding the breath while inhaling) was carried out in a sitting position: the athlete takes a deep breath and exhale, then inhale again (approximately 80% of the maximum), closes his mouth and pinches his nose with his fingers, holds his breath (the stopwatch starts at the end of inhalation).
Gench test. The pulse is measured in 30 seconds in a standing position, then the breath is held on a full exhalation, after three breaths in 3/4 depth. During detention, you must use a nose clip. Time is recorded by a stopwatch in seconds. Then you need to measure the pulse for 30 seconds immediately after the restoration of breathing. If the delay is less than 34 seconds, the result is considered unsatisfactory. A result within 35-39 seconds indicates a satisfactory indicator, and a time of more than 40 seconds is a good result.
Rufier's test. In a subject lying on his back for 5 minutes, the number of pulsations is determined for 15 s (P1) then for 45 s. the tried and tested one performs 30 squats. After the end of loading, the tested person lies down, and the number of pulsations is counted again for the first 15 s (P2), and then -for the last 15 from the first minute of the recovery period (P3). The performance of the heart is assessed according to the formula: Rufier's index = (4 * (P1 + P2 + P3) -200) / 10 The results are assessed by the value of the index from 0 to 15. Less than 3 -good performance 3-6average; 7-9 -satisfactory; 10-14 -bad (moderate heart failure) 15 and above (severe heart failure) To determine the psycho-physiological state of athletes, psycho-physiological indicators were recorded using a computer program. "Psychodiagnostics" [11]. The following parameters were fixed: • a set of indicators for the rate of a simple visual-motor reaction (mean of 30 attempts (ms), standard deviation (ms), number of errors); duration of exposure (signal) -900 ms; • сomplex indicators of a complex visualmotor reaction of selecting two of the three elements (average of 30 attempts (ms), standard deviation (ms), number of errors); duration of exposure (signal) -900 ms (s).

The method of expert assessments
An expert committee of three referee of the FIBA category assessed the correctness of the double mechanics of refereeing and gesticulation of the referee during control games on a five-point scale.
(5 -technical actions were performed without errors, 4 -technical actions were performed with two or three errors (incorrectly selected position referee on the site; errors in showing gestures), 3 -technical actions were performed with gross errors (incorrect movement around the site; obstacle to the actions of athletes; showing gestures does not correspond to the rules of the competition), 2 -failure to perform technical actions).

Statistical analis
The digital material obtained during the research was processed using traditional methods of mathematical statistics. For each indicator, the arithmetic mean value of X, the standard deviation S (standard deviation), the assessment of the significance of differences between the parameters of the initial and final results, as well as between the control and experimental groups by the Student t-test with the corresponding significance level (p) were determined. Mathematical data processing was carried out with the help of Microsoft Excel Analysis Data Analysis Software, SPSS. Differences were considered significant at a significance level of p <0.05.
The study was conducted from June to August 2020. At the beginning of the experiment and after, all participants in the study underwent comprehensive testing of physical, functional and theoretical readiness. During the experiment, the experimental group was asked to use the developed 46 Health, sport, rehabilitation Здоров'я, спорт, реабілітація Здоровье, спорт, реабилитация 7(1) video manual to prepare for the basketball game season 2020-2021. Also, before and after the experiment, the method of expert assessments was carried out for all participants in the study to test the technical preparedness of referee.
The control group prepared independently according to the traditional training system.
The main components of the training of referee are theoretical and practical parts, which are interrelated. The tasks of theoretical training are knowledge of the official rules, their interpretations, and the mechanics of refereeing. The effectiveness of practical training directly depends on the practice of refereeing basketball games, that is, a clear application of theoretical knowledge.
The video manual "Challenge for Referees" (Fig. 1) contains sections with which you can determine the level of physical, functional and technical readiness of young basketball referees, their psychophysiological capabilities, the last section contains practical recommendations and examples of training sessions to prepare for the playing season. The video tutorial "Challenge for Referees" has the following sections:

Section 1 Testing the physical fitness of referee
This section contains a detailed description, photos and videos of all tests, as well as a grading scale.
The normal distribution law will be used as the basis for constructing the assessment scales. The average value in the sample is to answer with an average estimate ("average results") of a value that is 1 standard deviation greater than the average -a good estimate ("maximum-sufficient results"); 2 standard deviation is an excellent mark ("maximum results"); accordingly, a value that is less than the average by 1 standard deviation is a satisfactory mark ("minimum required results"); by 2 standard deviation -a low score ("acceptable results") (тable 2).

Тable 2
Model characteristics of referee in basketball category C (n = 40) Name of metrics 2. The shuttle run test was proposed by FB Dmitriev " [12], it is necessary to run the proposed shuttle distance three times. The rest interval between the first and second attempts is 30 seconds, between the second and third attempts is 45 seconds. The best result was recorded (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. The illustration to the Shuttle Run Test
Moveable game for the development of endurance "Cross in a circle" Inventory: racks. Course of the game: 4 racks are placed on the court so that players, running around them, move along a rectangle. The distance between the posts is 15-20 m (long sides of the rectangle) and 8-10 m (short sides). The game involves two teams of 4 children, which are evenly spaced around the perimeter of the rectangle one after another. At the command of the players begin to run counterclockwise, bending around the rack. The task of each is to tag the player of another team. The signal for the end of the game is given when 3 people from the team are tagged.

Section 4. Testing the psychophysiological state
To determine the psychophysiological state in the video manual, a computer program "Psychodiagnostics" is installed with which you can determine the speed of a simple and complex reaction to a light stimulus and establish the level of functional mobility and the strength of the nervous processes of referee.

Section 5. Testing of theoretical readiness
The section for testing theoretical readiness has tests with video files, after viewing which the referees must choose the correct answer.
Examples of foul tests that are played using short video files: Test 1 (Fig. 3). Who is fouled and why? A) Unsportsmanlike foul against player # 0 (purple kit) and unsportsmanlike foul against player # 9 (yellow kit) B) Unsportsmanlike foul against player # 0 (purple kit) and a disqualifying foul against player # 9 (yellow kit) C) Foul (normal) against player # 9 in yellow uniform D) a disqualifying foul against player # 0 (purple kit) and a disqualifying foul against player # 9 (yellow kit) Answer: B Answer: C

Section 6. Technical readiness "Referee' gestures"
This section contains illustrations of all the referee's gestures with a detailed description.

Results
At the beginning of the experiment, the control and experimental groups did not significantly differ from each other in all testing indicators (p> 0.05) ( Table 3). Health, sport, rehabilitation Здоров'я, спорт, реабілітація Здоровье, спорт, реабилитация

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After the experiment, the referee of the experimental group showed a significant improvement in the test results "jumping rope for 1 min, the number of times", "Romberg's test, s" (p <0.05). Improvement of coordination qualities determines the speed of mastering new motor forms, can positively affect the efficiency and productivity of basketball referee' actions (Table 4).

Table 4
The results of testing the comprehensive preparation of basketball referees of the experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups after the experiment Also, significant differences were revealed in the indicators "pulling up on the bar, the number of times", "running 3000 m, min", the experimental group compared with the referee of the control group (p <0.05). After the experiment, significant differences (p <0.05) were found between the control and experimental groups in the "Rufier test".
In the control group, significant differences were found in the test "long jump from the spot, cm" in comparison with the experimental one (p <0.05). As a result of the method of expert evaluations, significant (p <0.05) differences were revealed in the indicators of the tests "technique of gestures", "mechanics of double refereeing" in the experimental group in comparison with the referee of the control group (table. 5). 50 Health, sport, rehabilitation Здоров'я, спорт, реабілітація Здоровье, спорт, реабилитация 7(1)

Discussion
In sports science, little attention is paid to the methodology of training referees compared to the training of athletes and coaches. The lack of a clear system of selection and refereeing training led to a noticeable lag in the professional skill of referees from the level of basketball development [13][14][15].
In this study, a hypothesis was put forward that the use of video manuals in the preparation of young referees will improve their physical and technical readiness in the conditions of refereeing. This hypothesis was fully confirmed. The results obtained agree with the studies that the degree of general preparedness of the arbiters is determined by the level of physical fitness, the level of theoretical training, the level of psychological training, the level of practical training, personal characteristics (type of temperament) [16][17][18]. The research showed that the results of testing physical and functional readiness among the referees of the experimental group increased. This can be explained by the fact that the complexes of exercises for improving all types of readiness provided in the video manual can effectively increase the level of sports training of referees of this category. In this electronic learning tool, combined educational information that allows you to get a set of knowledge and skills on basketball refereeing, as well as practical information that allows you to control the complex readiness necessary for a category C referee.
In basketball referee training, refereeing mechanics plays a major role -a system designed as a practical method that facilitates the duties of referees on the court. It is designed to help them take the best place, which allows them to make the right decision when the rules are violated. Refereeing technique including clear communication and consistency of referees, with one referee responsible for overseeing play around the ball and the other for off-ball play. In order to achieve the best observation, officials should try to take the most advantageous positions for judging game action using the judging mechanics.
The data obtained indicate an improvement in the technique and mechanics of refereeing the referees in the experimental group. This can be explained by the fact that the formation of a technical skill becomes more effective with a detailed study of techniques and repeated repetition of technical actions. The effectiveness of the assimilation of the material increases with the dynamism of the presentation of information. The dynamism allows you to provide the intensity of the presentation of information, which is necessary in the learning process. In the theoretical section of the manual there are tests with video files, after watching which the referees must choose the correct answer. Viewing and solving such game moments allows you to form the correct interpretation of violations and improve gestures.
Arbitrators of this age category need active development of professional mental qualities, namely, the accuracy of perception of short time intervals (3 s, 5 s, 10 s) and the organization of attention. The situation during the game forces the referees to react with maximum speed and accuracy, the timeliness and correctness of the interpretation of the game moments depends on the set of psychophysiological mechanisms that perceive, process, store and transmit information about the game actions [19][20]. The presence of the built-in program "Psychodiagnostics" in the video manual will allow you to control the level of psychophysiological capabilities of the arbitrators. 51 Health, sport, rehabilitation Здоров'я, спорт, реабілітація Здоровье, спорт, реабилитация

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The presented exercises for the development of a sense of time, reaction speed, thinking efficiency will help to improve psychophysiological abilities, which will increase the quality of practical refereeing, the ability to control the game, and help control time.

Conclusions
A video manual "Challenge for Referees" has been developed with the help of which it is possible to determine the level of physical, functional and technical readiness of young basketball referees, their psychophysiological capabilities for providing practical recommendations in preparation for the playing season. Revealed significant differences in the indicators "pulling up on the bar", "running 3000 m", "Rufier's test" of the experimental group in comparison with the referees of the control group (p <0.05) as a result of the use of the video manual "Challenge for Referees" in preparation for the game season. In the control group, significant differences were found in the test "long jump from a spot" in comparison with the experimental group (p <0.05).