Sports activities and professional specialty influence on psychophysiological functions and orthostatic reactions indicators of pedagogical universities students

Purpose: to identify the influence of the professional orientation of education and lifestyle (sports) on the indicators of psychophysiological functions and orthostatic reactions of students of various faculties of pedagogical universities. Material and methods. 812 students of pedagogical institutions of higher education of Ukraine took part in the study: 88 students of the faculty of elementary education, 76 students of history, 130 of natural sciences, 131 of foreign philology, 93 of the faculty of preschool education, 198 of Ukrainian language, 25 of the faculty of physical education and sports, 24 students from the Faculty of Arts, 47 students from the Faculty of Psychology and Sociology. Psychophysiological testing was carried out according to the Psychodiagnostics program and involved determining the speed of a simple visual-motor reaction, determining the speed of a choice of two elements out of three. During psychophysiological testing, the reaction time and the number of errors were determined for each test. The results. Students of the faculties of elementary education, preschool education, and the faculty of natural sciences have a significantly shorter reaction time in the test for a simple visual-motor reaction (p<0.05), and, accordingly, the best indicators of the mobility of nervous processes in comparison with students of other faculties of pedagogical universities. These faculties have the largest number of errors in the test for the choice of two elements out of three (p<0.05), and, accordingly, the lowest strength of nervous processes. Conclusions. Sports have a positive effect on the indicators of the strength of nervous processes according to the results of the number of errors in the reaction test for choosing two items out of three (p<0.05). Also, playing sports has a positive effect on the quality of vegetative regulation of vascular tone, which is reflected in lower values of the heart rate during the transition from a horizontal position of the body to a vertical one in students who play sports (p<0.05).

This tendency is manifested in everything: in the economy, science, society, and, accordingly, in educational activities. Physical education and sports are no exception. An individual approach in the physical education of university students involves several directions [4]. First of all, it is giving students the opportunity to choose a sport for classes. This presupposes the availability of the appropriate material base at the university. In addition, a diagnosis of the functional, physical and psychophysiological capabilities of students is needed to identify their individual characteristics in relation to a certain type of sport. It is also necessary to have an individual approach in physical education classes to the dosage of physical exertion, the selection of exercises and training methods in accordance with the individual characteristics of students.
Currently, all these directions are particularly relevant in connection with online education [8,9]. This is connected with the current circumstances in the world. After all, physical education in the online mode involves the main share of classes by students themselves. And that is why it is important to choose the nature of the classes, the specifics of the workload for each student in such a way that the classes give him great pleasure. A person gets the most satisfaction when the type of activity corresponds to his natural abilities. Natural endowments can be determined by various methods. One of these methods is the determination of psychophysiological functions [10,11,12]. Psychophysiological functions reflect the speed of conduction of impulses by the nervous system [13,14,15]. Determining these indicators in different testing modes makes it possible to detect the mobility and strength of the nervous system. Mobility and strength of the nervous system are often prerequisites for choosing a field of activity and, accordingly, a specialty for study [14,15,16]. Thus, the chosen specialty for study is often based on hereditary properties of the nervous system. On the other hand, psychophysiological properties can change within a genetically determined range [13,14,15]. And therefore, on the contrary, the type of activity or study specialty can affect psychophysiological indicators.
To select individual exercises and their dosage, it is also necessary to take into account the state of the cardiovascular system [17,18]. One of the indicators of the state of the cardiovascular system is the quality of vegetative regulation of vascular tone when the body position changes from horizontal to vertical [19,20,21]. A resting heart rate of 50-60 bpm indicates an above-average cardiovascular condition, a resting heart rate above 90 bpm indicates a below-average cardiovascular condition [22,23,24]. When the position of the body changes from horizontal to vertical, blood flows from the head to the lower extremities under the influence of gravity. As a result, the brain can be in a state of lack of blood, and, accordingly, oxygen and nutrients. To avoid such a condition, the body reacts to a change in body position by regulating vascular tone, which allows blood to be directed from the lower extremities to the brain. In addition, heart rate increases as a compensatory mechanism for insufficient regulation of vascular tone. It is believed that the more the heart rate increases when the body position changes from horizontal to vertical, the lower the quality of vascular regulation [22,23,24].
To develop individual recommendations for the use of physical exercises online, it is necessary, first of all, to determine the features of the nervous and cardiovascular systems -systems that provide regulatory functions of the entire body [25,26]. For this, it is relevant to determine whether the chosen specialty for study affects psychophysiological indicators and orthostatic reactions (i.e., reactions to a change in body position from horizontal to vertical). Also, determining the impact of lifestyle, in particular, sports, on indicators of psychophysiological functions and orthostatic reactions [27,28] is also an urgent task. Based on the above, the hypothesis was put forward in the study: 1 -there is a relationship between the specialty chosen by students for professional improvement and indicators of psychophysiological functions and orthostatic reactions; 2practicing any kind of sport has a positive effect on psychophysiological indicators and the state of vascular tone regulation. 11 Health, sport, rehabilitation Здоров'я, спорт, реабілітація Здоровье, спорт, реабилитация 8(3) Purpose: to identify the influence of the professional orientation of education and lifestyle (sports) on the indicators of psychophysiological functions and orthostatic reactions of students of various faculties of pedagogical universities.

Procedure
The testing was conducted on the basis of the laboratory of biophysics, biomechanics and kinesiology of Kharkiv National Pedagogical University named after H.S. Frying pans Testing was conducted in each academic group of students separately. From 5 to 20 people were tested at one time.
Students were tested as follows. On the first day, students were tested on orthostatic stability. The next day, the students underwent a psychodiagnostic test to determine the speed of reaction in different modes of signal appearance.

Method of psychophysiological testing
When conducting psychophysiological testing, students were first explained the essence of the tests and the peculiarities of working with the Psychodiagnostics program, according to which the testing was conducted, then they made 1-3 attempts to master the tests, and passed the testing. The program "Psychodiagnostics" [13,14,15] provides for the determination of reaction speed in the following modes: determination of the speed of a simple visual-motor reaction, determination of the reaction speed of choosing one element from three, determination of the reaction speed of choosing two elements from three. The program works as follows. After filling out a special form with the subject's data, a window with the names of the tests appears on the screen. The subject chooses a test that will be used to determine reaction speed. After that, different images appear on the screen. When determining the speed of a simple visual-motor reaction, the subject presses the left mouse button as soon as he sees any image on the screen. When determining the reaction speed of choosing one element out of three, the subject reacts only to images of geometric shapes and animals by pressing the left mouse button. The subject does not react to all other images.
When determining the reaction speed of choosing two elements out of three, the subject reacts to images of geometric figures by pressing the left mouse button and to images of animals by pressing the right mouse button. The subject does not react to all other images.
During psychophysiological testing, the following indicators were determined for each test: reaction time, mean square deviation, number of errors. The shorter the reaction time, the higher the mobility of nervous processes, which is also related to the activity of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. The smaller the number of errors in the reaction test of choosing two elements out of three, the higher the strength of nervous processes, which is also associated with the activity of the parasympathetic department of the autonomic nervous system [13,14,15].

Orthotest
Orthostatic reactions were determined by the results of heart rate in the supine position and in the standing position using Polar devices (fitnesswatches) and analyzed using the Polar flow applications on the phone and on the computer. Testing was carried out as follows. In a special auditorium for massage, students put on fitness watches and lay quietly on their backs on massage tables for 10 minutes to stabilize their heart rate. Then a special mode of orthostatic testing was set on the watch, heart rate was measured in the lying position for 30 seconds. Then the students got up, and heart rate was measured again for 30 seconds. Average heart rate values for 30 s in the lying 12 Health, sport, rehabilitation Здоров'я, спорт, реабілітація Здоровье, спорт, реабилитация 8(3) position and in the standing position were recorded, which were automatically calculated using Polar flow applications in computers and phones. Heart rate values greater than 80 bpm-1 were considered indicators of inefficient work of the cardiovascular system. The difference between heart rate in lying and standing positions of more than 30 bpm-1 was regarded as an indicator of difficult adaptation of the body to a change in body position.

Statistical analysis
During the statistical processing of the research results, the normality of the distribution of each sample was first checked using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. If the samples obeyed a normal distribution, parametric processing methods (one-factor analysis of variance) were used. The influence of sports on the indicators of psychophysiological functions and orthostatic reactions of students was carried out according to the results of univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). The influence of studying at a certain faculty of a pedagogical institution of higher education on indicators of psychophysiological functions and orthostatic reactions of students was also carried out by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the Duncan test for comparing more than 2 samples.

Results
First, all samples were tested for normal distribution for all indicators. The test was carried out using the one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. No significant differences were found between the obtained distribution and the normal one (p>0.05). Thus, a conclusion was made about the possibility of using one-factor variance analysis to determine the influence of the faculty at which students study and sports activities on indicators of psychophysiological functions and orthostatic reactions of students of pedagogical institutions of higher education.
We conducted a study to clarify the question: whether lifestyle, in particular, sports, affects the indicators of psychophysiological functions and the state of the vegetative-vascular regulation of cardiac activity and orthostatic reactions. To clarify this issue, we conducted a univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) to identify the impact of sports on indicators of psychophysiological functions and vegetative-vascular regulation of cardiac activity and orthostatic reactions. As a result of variance analysis, it was found that playing sports has a significant effect on the number of errors in the reaction time test for choosing 2 items out of 3 (p<0.05), on the heart rate in the standing position and on the difference between the heart rate in the standing position and in the lying position (p<0.05) ( Table 1). Table 1 The influence of sports on the indicators of psychophysiological functions and orthostatic reactions of students of pedagogical universities according to the results of univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) (indicators that have significant differences among students of different faculties are given)

8(3)
Notes: * -0do not play sports; 1 -do sports Students who play sports make significantly fewer errors in the reaction time test for choosing 2 out of 3 items compared to students who do not play sports. Also, in students who play sports, the difference between the values of heart rate in the standing position and in the lying position is significantly smaller compared to students who do not play sports. This confirms the fact that playing sports contributes to the economy of the work of the cardiovascular system and the improvement of orthostatic regulation (Fig. 1).
do not do sports involved in sports The results of a univariate variance analysis of the influence of the faculty where the students study on the indicators of psychophysiological functions and on the indicators of the orthostatic test showed that studying at a certain faculty reliably affects the indicators of the time of a simple visualmotor reaction, the number of errors when performing a test of a simple visual-motor reaction , on the number of errors when performing the test for the choice of two elements out of three, on the heart rate in the standing position and on the difference in the heart rate between the standing position and the lying position (tables 2, 3).
According to the results of the Duncan test of variance analysis, according to the indicator of the time of a simple visual-motor reaction, the students were divided into groups with no significant differences between the averages, but significant differences were found between the groups (Table 4, Fig. 2). A total of two groups were formed. The first group consists of the following faculties: Elementary Table 3 The influence of studies at different faculties on indicators of psychophysiological functions and orthostatic reactions of students of pedagogical universities according to the results of one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) (indicators that have significant differences among students of different faculties are given) According to the results of the Duncan test of variance analysis, according to the indicator of the time of a simple visual-motor reaction, the students were divided into groups with no significant differences between the averages, but significant differences were found between the groups (Table 4, Fig. 2). A total of two groups were formed. The first group consists of the following faculties: Elementary Education, Natural Sciences, Preschool Education, Psychological, Historical, Physical Education and Sports. The second group consists of the faculties: Foreign Philology and Ukrainian Language. In the first group, the time of a simple visualmotor reaction is significantly shorter compared to the second group. We believe that this is due to the greater mobility of the nervous processes of students who chose the faculties of the first group to study. In addition, pedagogical activity generally requires high mobility of nervous processes. Students of foreign philology faculties have a significantly longer simple visual-motor reaction time than students of other faculties ( Table 4, Fig. 2). We can explain this by the fact that students of these faculties are inclined not only to teaching activities, but also to work as translators. The work of a translator requires thoughtful concentration without switching attention. This leads to an increase in response time not only to objects that need to be selected, but also to any objects. Health, sport, rehabilitation Здоров'я, спорт, реабілітація Здоровье, спорт, реабилитация 8(3) between the groups ( Table 5). The first group consists of one faculty -physical education and sports. Students of this faculty have the lowest number of errors in the reaction time test for choosing 2 items out of 3. This testifies to the greatest strength of the nervous processes of the students of this faculty. This is primarily due to the fact that playing sports contributes to increasing the strength of nervous processes within the genetic range. And this is reflected in the decrease in the number of errors in the reaction time test for choosing 2 elements from 3. The second group included students of the faculties of Arts, Natural Sciences, Foreign Philology, Ukrainian Language, and Psychology (Table 5, Fig. 3). These are mostly students with an average strength of the nervous system. The third group included students of the following faculties: History, Preschool Education, Elementary Education. These are mostly students with a weak but more sensitive nervous system. It should be noted that students of the faculty of elementary education showed the best indicators in the mobility of the nervous system and in general reactivity. But at the same time, students of the faculty of primary education are the most sensitive, which is reflected in the increase in the number of errors in the test, which requires attention for a certain time. It is known that the mobility and strength of nervous processes are often in an antagonistic relationship. This can explain the obtained results. This also applies to students of the Faculty of Preschool Education. Since working with children of preschool and junior school age requires a high degree of attention switching, and, accordingly, the mobility of nervous processes, students who have chosen these faculties to study, by their hereditary qualities, are mainly mobile, but at the same time -sensitive (weak) nervous system. The third group also included students of the Faculty of History. We believe that in this case such a factor as the purely humanitarian orientation of the history faculty could have influenced. As shown by our previous research and the research of other scientists, the students who study in humanities majors have the lowest strength of neural processes and the greatest mobility of neural processes. This study confirmed the previously obtained results. 18 Health, sport, rehabilitation Здоров'я, спорт, реабілітація Здоровье, спорт, реабилитация As for orthostatic responses, the Duncan test of variance analysis showed the presence of two groups based on the results of heart rate in the standing position and the difference between the heart rate between the standing position and the standing position. The first group, similar to the test on the number of errors in the test on the time to choose 2 elements from 3, included students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports (Table 6, 7, Fig. 4, 5). Table 6 Intergroup and intragroup differences according to the results of testing students of different faculties according to the heart rate indicator in the standing position Health, sport, rehabilitation Здоров'я, спорт, реабілітація Здоровье, спорт, реабилитация

8(3)
The second group included students of all other faculties. This is quite logical, since sports help to improve orthostatic reactions. This is expressed in a smaller increase in heart rate when moving from a lying position to a standing position. The fact that the students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports proved to be more resistant to changing the position of the body is a proof of this position.   It should be noted that in this study we did not differentiate between the types of sports played by students, and the differences in their impact on indicators of psychophysiological functions and orthostatic reactions. As for orthostatic reactions, we adhered to the principle that engaging in any physical activity has a positive effect on indicators of cardiovascular activity on changes in body position in space. Regarding psychophysiological indicators, in this study it was important to determine whether any physical exercises affect psychophysiological functions, which are a reflection of neurodynamic processes.

Discussion
The hypothesis put forward in this study was partially confirmed. The first position of the hypothesis regarding the existence of a relationship between the indicators of psychophysiological functions and the professional specialization that students choose for study was confirmed in relation to the indicators of the time of a simple visual-motor reaction and errors in the reaction of choosing 2 elements out of 3. The indicator of a simple reaction to an object reflects the speed of conduction of impulses through the neurons of the brain. This indicator also indirectly indicates the mobility of nervous processes. This indicator turned out to be the best among students of the faculties of elementary education (that is, for future teachers of junior grades), preschool education, and natural sciences (that is, for future teachers of biology). We can explain this by the fact that students who choose these specialties to study have hereditary predispositions to work with young children, which requires a high level of mobility of nervous processes. This group also included future biology teachers. The specificity of their work requires the ability to observe animals and plants. This requires both the mobility of nervous processes to quickly respond to changes in the behavior of animals, and the strength of the nervous system to be able to concentrate to observe various objects of living nature.
As for the relationship between the specialty chosen by the students for study and the orthostatic test indicators, in this case the hypothesis was partially confirmed: only the faculty of physical education and sports had a reliable influence on the orthostatic test indicators. This is explained by the fact that practicing any kind of sport contributes to improving the quality of autonomic regulation of vascular tone. The same applies to the second position of the proposed hypothesis regarding the influence of sports on the quality of vascular tone regulation. The relationship between sports activities by students of different faculties and the psychophysiological function indicator, which reflects the strength of nervous processes -errors in Health, sport, rehabilitation Здоров'я, спорт, реабілітація Здоровье, спорт, реабилитация 8(3) the reaction time test for choosing two items out of three -was also revealed. The obtained fact can be explained by the fact that playing any kind of sport has a positive effect on the strength of nervous processes. The strength of nervous processes, i.e. the ability to withstand long enough intense work without mistakes, is a hereditary quality, but it can vary in a certain genetically determined range. It can be concluded that playing sports has a positive effect on the development of the strength of the nervous system. This position is also confirmed by the fact that students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports have significantly higher indicators of the strength of the nervous system, which is reflected in a smaller number of errors in the test on the speed of the reaction of choosing 2 elements out of 3.
Based on the obtained results, we can provide the following recommendations for physical exercise classes for students of various faculties of pedagogical universities. For students of the faculties of elementary education, preschool education and the faculty of science, we recommend more use of mobile games. This follows from the obtained facts regarding greater mobility of the nervous system and less strength in students of these faculties compared to others. Movement games are most suitable for people with high mobility of nervous processes, as they require quick reaction and speed of switching attention from one object to another. It is advisable to use mobile games in the fresh air. This will contribute to increasing the strength of the nervous system and its stability. This also follows from the study of Lundvall, Maivorsdotter [28], who showed the effectiveness of classes while staying in a favorite place outdoors.
We can recommend walking, running, cycling and other cyclic exercises to students of the faculties of foreign philology, Ukrainian language, history, psychology and the faculty of arts. These recommendations are based on the fact that students of these faculties have a greater strength of the nervous system compared to other students. Namely, cyclic exercises require the strength of nervous processes [13,14,15]. In addition, these recommendations build on the research of Banville et.al. [5], in which it was shown that physical education teachers in US universities emphasize the use of team sports, and the majority of students indicate that they use cyclical exercises more at home. All students can also be recommended to use rhythmic exercises as homework. This coincides with the data of Garcia and Custodio [27], which showed the effectiveness of using rhythmic exercises in quarantine conditions. We also recommend that all students improve their knowledge in the field of sports education. This is due to the fact that the knowledge of how to build a sports training, how to use means of recovery of working capacity, helps a conscious attitude towards physical exercises [25,26]. This increases the effectiveness of physical education and sports classes [25,26]. We recommend that students of the faculties of physical education continue to improve in the chosen sport in combination with mastering other sports at the basic level according to the recommendations of universities, as well as use means of injury prevention [29,30].

Conclusions
1. It was found that students of different faculties differ among themselves in terms of psychophysiological indicators. It is shown that students of the faculties of elementary education, preschool education and the faculty of natural sciences have a significantly shorter reaction time in the test for a simple visual-motor reaction (p<0.05), and, accordingly, the best indicators of the mobility of nervous processes in comparison with students of other faculties of pedagogical universities It was also determined that the students of these faculties have the largest number of errors in the test for the choice of two elements out of three (p<0.05), and, accordingly, the lowest strength of nervous processes.
2. It was determined that sports have a positive effect on the indicators of the strength of nervous processes according to the results of the number of errors in the test for the reaction of choosing two elements out of three (p<0.05). Also, playing sports has a positive effect on the quality of autonomic regulation of vascular tone, which is reflected in lower values of the heart rate during the transition from a horizontal position of the body to a vertical one in students who play sports (p<0.05).
3. Recommendations regarding the use of physical exercises by students of various faculties of pedagogical universities: -students of the faculties of elementary education, preschool education and the faculty of natural sciences -to use more mobile games; -for students of the faculties of foreign philology, Ukrainian language, history, psychology and the faculty of arts -classes in walking, running, cycling and other cyclical exercises; -to all students -to use rhythmic exercises as homework and to increase their level of knowledge in the field of physical education and sports; -for students of physical education faculties -to continue improving in the chosen sport in 22 Health, sport, rehabilitation Здоров'я, спорт, реабілітація Здоровье, спорт, реабилитация 8(3) combination with mastering other sports at the basic level according to the recommendations of universities, as well as to use means of injury prevention.